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Exploitation of the Low-Latitude Rainforest Ecosystem

The rainforest ecosystem, home of the world’s most diverse collection of plants and animals, is threatened by deforestation and conversion to cropland and rangeland.  Many of the world’s equatorial and tropical regions are home to the rainforest ecosystem. This ecosystem is perhaps the most diverse on Earth, possessing more species of plants and animals than any other. Very large tracts of rainforest still exist in South America, south Asia, and some parts of Africa. Ecologists regard this ecosystem as a genetic reservoir of many species of plants and animals.  But as human populations expand and the quest for agricultural land continues, low-latitude rainforests are being threatened by clearing, logging, cultivation of cash crops, and animal grazing. In the past, low-latitude rainforests were farmed by native peoples using the slash-and-burn method—cutting down all the vegetation in a small area, then burning it.  Slash and Burn Cultivation In a rainforest ecosystem, most of the nutri
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Global Patterns of Precipitation

Global precipitation patterns are largely determined by air masses and their movements, which in turn are produced by global air circulation patterns. Before taking a detailed look at global precipitation patterns, let’s look at Figure, which shows the general patterns expected for a hypothetical supercontinent that has most of the features of the Earth’s continents but is simplified. The map recognizes and defines five classes of annual precipitation: wet, humid, sub humid, semiarid, and arid. A schematic diagram of annual precipitation over an idealized continent and adjoining seas. Beginning with the equatorial zone, the figure shows a wet band stretching across the continent. This band is produced by convective precipitation over the equatorial lows near the intertropical convergence zone. Note that the wet band widens and is extended poleward into the tropical zone along the continent’s eastern coasts. This region is kept moist by the influence of the trade winds, which move warm,
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Germany

Europe’s strongest industrial power and its most populous nation, Germany was divided after military defeat in 1945 into a free-market west and a communist east, but reunified in 1990.
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France

Stretching across western Europe, from the English Channel (la Manche) to the Mediterranean Sea, France was Europe’s first modern republic, and is still a leading industrial power.
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The Aral Sea

East of the Caspian Sea, astride the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, lies an immense saline lake—the Aral Sea. Fed by meltwaters of high glaciers and snowfields in the lofty Hindu Kush, Pamir, and Tien Shan Ranges, the lake endured through thousands of years as an oasis for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife deep in the heart of the central Asian desert. But in the last 50 years, the Aral Sea, once larger than Lake Huron, has shrunk to a shadow of its former extent. The volume of its waters has decreased by more than two-thirds, and its salinity has increased from 1 percent to over 3 percent, making it more salty than sea water. Twenty of the 24 fish species native to the lake have disappeared. Its catch of commercial fish, which once supplied 10 percent of the total for the Soviet Union, has dwindled to zero. The deltas of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, which enter the south and east sides of the lake, were islands of great ecological diversity, teeming with f
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United Kingdom

Separated from continental Europe by the English Channel, the UK consists of Great Britain (England, Wales, and Scotland), several smaller islands, and Northern Ireland.
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Global Climate Change and Coastal Environments

Global climate change over the remainder of the twenty-first century will have major impacts on coastal environments. The changes include increases in sea surface temperature and sea level, decreases in sea-ice cover, and changes in salinity, wave climate, and ocean circulation. What changes have already occurred? According to recent reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, sea level has risen about 15 cm since 1870. Most of this rise is due to thermal expansion of sea water in response to global warming of about 0.75°C since 1906, but some is also due to the melting of glaciers and ice caps. Arctic sea-ice cover is decreasing at a rate of about 3 percent per decade, with summer ice cover decreasing by about 7 percent per decade. Extreme weather events are increasing, including the number of heat waves, number of precipitation events leading to flooding, the extent of drought-affected regions, and the intensity and duration of tropical storms. What changes are in stor
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What is Geography?

What is geography? Put simply, geography is the study of the evolving character and organization of the Earth’s surface. It is about how, why, and where human and natural activities occur and how these activities are interconnected. What makes geography different from other disciplines? Geography adopts a unique set of perspectives to analyze the world and its human and natural phenomena. These perspectives include the spatial viewpoint of geographers, the interest of geographers in the synthesis of ideas across the boundaries of conventional studies, and geographers’ usage of tools to represent and manipulate spatial information and spatial phenomena. The first unique perspective of geography is its spatial viewpoint. Geographers are interested not only in how something happens, but also where it happens and how it is related to other happenings nearby and far away. The spatial viewpoint can focus at three levels. At the place level, geographers study how processes are integrated at
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Cuba

A former Spanish colony, Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean. It became the only communist country in the Americas after Fidel Castro seized power in 1959.
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India

India is the world’s largest democracy. Despite some success in reducing the birth rate, its population will probably overtake China’s by 2030.
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